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Diversity hotspots in manor gardens
PANGRÁC, Čeněk
This thesis study differences between insect diversity of manor gardens and economic forest, as well as the importance of manor gardens within the local biodiversity of insects. Data were collected at six localities (Vlašim, Konopiště, Vrchotovy Janovice, Hluboká nad Vltavou, Český Krumlov and Třeboň). Carabids were collected in spring, summer and autumn terms during 2019. The specimens were collected via pitfall traps. There was inspected no statistically significantdifference in the diversity valuesbetweengardensand forests. The individual data showed a close relation between insect and plant diversity, as well as indicative species for garden and forest areas. The importance of manor gardens was identified primarily in a landscape which is intensively used for agriculture or with a lower proportion of natural habitats.
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Habitatové preference, stanovištní dynamika a management hmyzu vázaného na staré stromy
PLÁTEK, Michal
The thesis presents studies on habitat preferences of beetles associated with senescent, open-grown trees and on dynamics and management of saproxylic habitats. It presents a brief insight into the current issues in the conservation of insects dependent on old trees. It presents the patterns of exploitation by a veteran tree specialist within old open-grown trees and the local patterns of tree exploitation by the same species at sites with different characteristics. Further, it presents a study of the effect of a prunning technique on formation of deadwood microhabitats, and also the importance of active interventions in closed-canopy forests for the communities in temperate lowland woodlands.
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The effect of agri-environmental schemes on biodiversity
Vodička, Jan ; Reif, Jiří (advisor) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
The aim of thesis is summary of current results of scientific publications evaluating effectiveness of agri-environmental measures in the relation to biodiversity. This work deals with this issue in Europe, characterizes the situation in selected European countries and evaluate the effectiveness of compensation schemes and individual measures on selected groups of organisms. It also deals with the factors influencing the effectiveness and methodical approaches of evaluation studies. Results of studies suggest a low to medium efficiency of allover measures for plants and invertebrates and low efficiency for birds. Conversely targeted measures had a high efficiency, but their overall significance was very low due to small proportion of land compared to the horizontal measures.The worst situation was in the Netherlands, in other countries the results were relatively similar.
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Indicators of ecosystem recovery after heavy disturbances
Hermová, Markéta ; Frouz, Jan (advisor) ; Hardekopf, David (referee)
Minerals mining have huge impacts on the coutrryside and fundamentally change its character. The restoration of the habitats can be done basically in two ways. The mine can be either abandoned and left to natural succession or recultivated. In order to decide how to proceed on actual site, we have to carefully consider all the surroundings and set the objective we want to reach. Naturally, we are not able to monitor all the characteristics present in given locality and their changes. Therefore it is highly convenient to use a set of indicators, which can cover majority of these characteristics and will sensitively respond to development of the whole ecosystem. I decided to use three types of indicators in this study. These are physiochemical environment, ecosystem production and diversity. Through these indicators I have analysed the restoration possibilities of degraded ecosystems in localities used for coal mining in former times. I have chosen coal because it is an important commodity in Czech Republic.
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The relation between microbial diversity and biodegradation of organic pollutants in soils
Adámek, Michael ; Svobodová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Matyska Lišková, Petra (referee)
This work sums up the knowledge of the currently studied microorganisms capable of degradation of organic compounds contaminating soil and of the impact of biodiversity on biodegradation efficiency. As documented in many studies effective soil remediation can be achieved by mixed-species consortia isolated from polluted soils. However, use of these cultures for bioaugumentation requires further research on their influence on the biodiversity of autochthonic soil microflora. Though bioaugumentation provably affects bioremediation effectivity no ideal carrier for microbes has been found yet that would provide survival of the introduced organisms in the competitive soil environment. Next, selection of suitable bioaugumentation agents should be based on previous analyses of autochthonic microbes in the targeted contaminated soils. Further, this work shows that the presence of key species might be more important for the biodegradation efficiency than biodiversity of soil microflora. Biodiversity is more related to the functionality of soil ecosystems which can be affected by the presence of contaminants leading to positive selection of taxa capable of pollutant degradation. However, there are just a few studies on the relationship between biodiversity and degradation of pollutants. Its further research...
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Protection of secondary grasslands in the Šumava NP and PLA. Conservation monitoring of habitat changes.
Šimáčková, Pavlína ; Křenová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
Aj Many different methods are used to protect nature. Recently, however, the Earth Remote Sensing (RS) methods have come to the fore. An indisputable advantage is the ability to apply acquired data from RS in the GIS environment and to combine them easily with other important data about studied areas. To evaluate the change in the status of grassland Natura 2000 habitats, a manual assessment of the change of vegetation cover from orthophoto maps was chosen. In the GIS tools were used to analyses the changes in cover of target habitats in selected administrative areas of four municipalities in the Šumava NP between years 2004 and 2015. Differences in the enlargement of the built-up areas of four studied municipalities as a whole and the losses of target habitats due to development activities were studied. The results are compared with the results of similar monitoring conducted in the Krkonoše NP. Key words: Management of protected areas, secondary grasslands, rare habitats, succession, biodiversity
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The relation between microbial diversity and biodegradation of organic pollutants in soils
Adámek, Michael ; Svobodová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Matyska Lišková, Petra (referee)
This work sums up the knowledge of the currently studied microorganisms capable of degradation of organic compounds contaminating soil and of the impact of biodiversity on biodegradation efficiency. As documented in many studies effective soil remediation can be achieved by mixed-species consortia isolated from polluted soils. However, use of these cultures for bioaugumentation requires further research on their influence on the biodiversity of autochthonic soil microflora. Though bioaugumentation provably affects bioremediation effectivity no ideal carrier for microbes has been found yet that would provide survival of the introduced organisms in the competitive soil environment. Next, selection of suitable bioaugumentation agents should be based on previous analyses of autochthonic microbes in the targeted contaminated soils. Further, this work shows that the presence of key species might be more important for the biodegradation efficiency than biodiversity of soil microflora. Biodiversity is more related to the functionality of soil ecosystems which can be affected by the presence of contaminants leading to positive selection of taxa capable of pollutant degradation. However, there are just a few studies on the relationship between biodiversity and degradation of pollutants. Its further research...
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Human gastrointestinal mycobiome in health and disease
Galanová, Natalie ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Hudcovic, Tomáš (referee)
This Bachelor thesis is a complex review of information about mycobiome of human digestive tract. It summarizes the known incidence, diversity and abundance of fungi in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract together with factors that determine composition of its communities. It also describes plentiful interactions with immune system, other microbes and between fungal species themselves. Then there is a brief remark about methodology that is in use for this subject together with its pros and cons. Thesis sums up and discusses current knowledge about the healthy mycobiome, highlighting cases, when it plays role in the formation of disbalance often resulting in an outbreak of a disease. The paper considers ecology and detailed interactions with the environment for Candida species, the dominant gastrointestinal fungus. Intestinal mycobiota has been lately purposed as an important factor in the development of certain local diseases, which include inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, or irritable bowel syndrome. Moreover other seemingly unrelated diseases have been associated with a change in intestinal mycobiome in the recent years. Finally intestinal community plays with its immunogenic nature important role in defense mechanisms elsewhere within the body. Key...
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Biodiversity of chironomid fauna in mountain lakes and streams influenced by acidification and recovery from acidification.
Černocká, Veronika ; Stuchlík, Evžen (advisor) ; Frouz, Jan (referee)
This thesis examines the influence of acidification on the largest group of macroinvertebrates in mountain lakes and running waters - chironomids. The diversity of chironomids has been associated with temperature, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water, the amount of nutrients, and also with the ability to survive in conditions (e.g. extreme pH) that are not suitable for other taxa. Because of this the family Chironomidae has become a dominant group of macrozoobentos in many assemblages affected by acidification. The Bohemian Forest lakes and the Tatra Mountain lakes belong to the most frequently studied locations, which were affected by acidification. The peak of acidification was in the 1980s. It turned out that, during the acidification, the number of chironomids changed and also the species composition of their assemblages. The main reason was a change of trophic status, which chironomids reflected more than a change of pH. A decrease in the number of species occurred after the pH dropped below 5. Until then, only their relative abundance had been affected. Chironomids are also influenced by the toxic effect of Al. The most important factor affecting chironomids fauna is not the value of pH, but the change of food supply. Acid stream food webs are often viewed as being...
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